Feb 132013
 

Last week the BBC contributed its thoughts to the W3C committee contemplating the Encrypted Media Extensions Proposal to the HTML standard, which would allow for more standardized video viewing across multiple platforms.  After establishing its bonafides as a source of Internet video broadcasting, it got to the point.  The proposal, it said, was was overall a helpful one as far as the standardization was concerned.  Technological fragmentation is a problem for someone who wants to make sure their video is viewable to a wide audience. Despite that enormous benefit, however, the BBC could only support the Proposal if it incorporated a DRM standard such that the BBC could pointedly control the retail market for its programming.

It’s worth questioning whether manipulating markets ultimately enlarges them — or, instead, potentially reduces them — but that’s not a subject for these pages right now.  The problem was how the BBC required the proposal to be changed in order to ostensibly enable such manipulation:

The proposed Encrypted Media Proposal looks to be a useful starting point. However, the BBC is unlikely to be able to use any such mechanism unless we feel that it is sufficiently secure that there would be the possibility of legal action in the event of bypassing it.

This is not an easy qualification: the W3C is an international body, and laws on bypassing technical protection measures vary significantly from country to country. In this instance the BBC would be looking for such a mechanism to be secure enough in the UK that it would be a “effective technical protection mechanism” under section 296zb of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as modified by the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003). We expect that other providers will look for similar assurances in their own territories, such as the anti-circumvention provisions in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the United States. (emphasis added)

To summarize, the BBC, “the world’s leading public service broadcaster,” “established by a Royal Charter” and “primarily funded by the licence fee paid by UK households” with a “mission [...] to enrich people’s lives with programmes that inform, educate and entertain,” has just lobbied an international technical standards organization charged with “lead[ing] the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing protocols and guidelines that ensure the long-term growth of the Web” such that it enables “involves participation, sharing knowledge, and thereby building trust on a global scale” to make its standards such that people could be imprisoned for using that very technology in a way the BBC did not like.

True, perhaps the BBC was only contemplating there being civil penalties, which is problematic as well. But both the DMCA and section 296zb of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allow for state criminal enforcement when people circumvent technologies designed to control access to content, regardless of how legitimate that access would be.

Feb 092013
 

The following case, Twentieth Century Fox v. Harris, is not a criminal matter.  But I want to include it here nonetheless in part because it’s important to talk about copyright policy generally, particularly given the increasing trend for it to be criminalized.  And partly because, in this case, hardly two weeks after I asserted that copyright infringement analogized more to trespass than to theft, a court independently reached the same conclusion. Continue reading »

Feb 082013
 

This article on TechDirt summarizes a recent brouhaha that recently broke out in a corner of the Internet I tend to haunt with other lawyers and cyberlaw professionals and has started to percolate into the mainstream.  The upshot is that someone is upset that other people have reposted her tweets without her permission and control, and she is convinced this is legally wrongful.  So convinced is she, in fact, that she keeps threatening to sue a number of them who have used these tweets to comment on her erroneous legal theory, which only stokes further interest in criticizing her as even more observers come to note that the law is not, in fact, on her side.  (TechDirt’s analysis does a decent job explaining why.)

It is easy to be tempted to join in the mocking of this person’s very public tantrums, and to be sure, threatening litigation is not to be taken lightly.  Doing so, particularly when cloaked in legal ignorance, is ripe for justifiable criticism.

But while the exhibition of personal arrogance begs the schadenfreude of public censure, the underlying problem it can reveal is not.  The reality is that for me and my cyberlaw peers, we are so inured to how this area of law “works” (to the extent that it does) we tend to forget how foreign it is to most laypeople (and even many other lawyers), for whom its mystical mechanations can be really terrifying.  This sort of knowledge gap isn’t good for anyone.  That’s how we end up with bad law.

The answer naturally cannot be to modify the law to fit its common misperceptions.  Sometimes the law is what it is for very good reasons, or at least reasons that cannot simply be discounted, even if those reasons aren’t intuitively obvious to a layperson.  We can’t use common misapprehensions as the pillars upon which law should be based.  In fact, when we have done so in recent years, often in response to technology (another complex system that can be scary to those who don’t understand it), the end result has been law that so overreacts that it creates more problems while failing to properly solve any.

At the same time, however, rather than mocking those who don’t understand the law, those who do understand it should be endeavoring to explain it.  Let’s get everyone on the same page to understand how law works and why, so we can all work together to fix it when it doesn’t.  After all, in a democracy law should belong to everyone, not just the rarified few specially trained to understand it.

Of course, the above sympathetic sentiment is directed at those who would be willing to learn.  It’s not a moral failing to not know everything about the law, but it is to not care whether one does or not before proceeding with bumptious legal threats or dangerously inapt policy advocacy.  Those who would seek to use the law as a weapon without bothering to learn how it operates are justly entitled to whatever chastisement they get.

Jan 292013
 

In 1998 the Digital Millennium Copyright Act amended U.S. copyright law in a few key ways.  Of most relevance here is the additions it made to 17 U.S.C. §§1201 et seq., which includes the provision:

“No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.”  §1201(a)(1)(A)

If one does, they can be liable for damages, §1203(c), or, more saliently for this blog, fines of $500,000 and/or 5 years imprisonment for the first offense and $1,000,000 and/or 10 years for subsequent ones.  §1204(a).

The question here is, why?

Continue reading »

Jan 232013
 

Cyberlawyers who find themselves in Los Angeles this Friday and Saturday may be interested in attending the annual Winter Working Meeting of the Cyberspace Committee of the ABA Business Law Section.  It will kick-off with several hours of high-level CLE, and then continue with break-off groups and task forces focused on specific aspects of cyberlaw.

I’m posting about it here because at this meeting I plan to kick-off a task force for committee members to get started working on the types of issues covered by this project.  If they are something of concern to you, here is one way to get involved.

Jan 212013
 

The 13-count superseding indictment (now dismissed) against Aaron Swartz basically boiled down to two major complaints: he accessed a computer system, and then downloaded files, without permission to do either.

It was not completely unprecedented in the pre-digital age to penalize acts that at their essence were about doing something without permission. Trespass, for instance, can be criminally prosecuted if someone has entered another’s real property without their permission. But (per the Model Penal Code § 221.2) it is typically prosecuted as a petty misdemeanor, commensurate with the negligible resulting harm. In instances where more serious harm resulted, a harm that could be properly measured in real word dimensions, such as the deprivation or destruction of real or immovable property, then a separate crime could be charged, such as theft – one targeted to address that violent sort of outcome. But even in those cases the crime and its commensurate penalty would hinge on the resulting harm, not the underlying lack of permission (see, e.g., Model Penal Code explanatory note §§ Sections 220.1-220.3). On its own, merely doing something without permission has not been something US law has sought to punish with serious charges carrying lengthy prison sentences.

In Aaron Swartz’s case, however, while his actions, even if true as alleged, resulted in no more measureable harm than an ordinary trespass would have, he was nonetheless charged with multiple felonies.
Continue reading »

Jan 142013
 

This weekend’s news about the death of Aaron Swartz is a cogent reminder of what this project is about. Aaron was a gifted contributor to the tools and values that make the Internet the extraordinary medium it is, impacting everything from the RSS standard to the Creative Commons licensing system and more. From all accounts he was on a constant quest to free humanity’s knowledge and make it accessible to anyone who wanted or needed it.

These actions challenged the status quo, however, and the status quo fought back. For those who treat knowledge as a currency that can be horded, acts to free it are seen as a threat. Unfortunately for Aaron, those people have power, and they wielded it against him. Furthermore, and most saliently for this project, it happened not through private actions, but by leveraging the power of the state to pursue and criminally prosecute him for his efforts.

Fortunately for Aaron he had competent counsel able to help defend him against the charges laid at his door. For all too many in similar positions as Aaron such counsel isn’t always available, which is a big reason why this project exists. It’s important that there be counsel ready and able to understand both the technological nature of the criminal act alleged and the nature of the crimes charged in order to properly defend them. It is very easy, as we see with this case, for a prosecutor to throw the book at a defendant for having done anything with technology outside of the norm, regardless of whether that technology use really deserves such a sanction, or even any sanction at all.

But having counsel isn’t enough. These prosecutions are backbreaking and bankrupting, and even if the defendant is ultimately acquitted the mere persecution will have already extracted a punitive toll from the defendant. In Aaron’s case he was looking at defense costs and fines in the millions of dollars, and the specter of years if not decades of imprisonment. Who among us could bear such a fate looming over them without their lives being fundamentally altered?

Thus the parallel purpose of this project is to help advocate for better legal policy, so that we don’t empower the state to punish our innovators for innovating. The disruption they spawn, though perhaps painful for incumbents who liked things as they were, are necessary in order to have a future that benefits everyone.

May 192012
 

There’s no discussing technology law without discussing how it implicates privacy.  But privacy is such a broad concept; to discuss it in any meaningful requires a definition with more detail.

I see there being (at least for purposes of the sort of discussion on this site) two main types privacy: privacy from the government, and privacy from other individuals.  And when it comes to regulating the intersection of privacy and technology, these two types of privacy require very different treatment. Continue reading »

Feb 292012
 

PayPal recently made news for implementing a policy denying its payment processing services to publications including obscene content.  There are several things objectionable about this policy, including the lack of any clear way of delineating what content would qualify as “obscene,” and its overall censorious impact.

But I’m not entirely sure that PayPal is necessarily the appropriate target for criticism of this policy.  It may be, to the extent that it is a truly discretionary policy PayPal has voluntarily chosen to pursue.  If it could just as easily chosen not to pursue it it can be fairly criticized for the choice it did make.  For this policy is not as simple as banning certain objectively horrible content 100% of all people would agree should be stricken from the face of the earth.  After all, there *is* no objectively horrible content 100% of all people would agree is objectionable.  Instead this policy has the effect of denying market opportunities to all sorts of writers producing all sorts of valid content, even if some people may not happen to like it.  And it does this not just by denying particular publications access to its services but by forcing electronic publishers to overcensor all the works they publish lest PayPal services be shut off to their entire businesses. Continue reading »

Feb 282012
 

Catching up from January is news about EMI suing the Irish government for not having passed a copyright law that would toughen sanctions for filesharing.  From the Irish Times:

The Irish arm of multinational music group EMI has launched a High Court action against the State as part of its bid to stop the illegal downloading of music.

The Government recently pledged to issue an order to allow copyright holders to compel internet service providers (ISPs) to block access to websites that they consider are engaged in piracy.

However, EMI Records (Ireland) remains unhappy with what it perceives to be foot-dragging on the part of the Government in tackling this issue.

It is concerned that the matter could be delayed again, and that even if a statutory instrument is issued, its contents may not be satisfactory. Continue reading »